Electrical energy efficiency [electronic resource] : technologies and applications / [edited by] Andreas Sumper, Angelo Baggini.

Contributor(s): Publication details: Chichester [England] ; Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, 2012.Description: xvi, 402 p. : illSubject(s): Genre/Form: DDC classification:
  • 621.31 23
LOC classification:
  • TJ163.3 .E39 2012eb
Online resources:
Contents:
Machine generated contents note: 1 - OVERVIEW ON STANDARDISATION ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY Franco Bua, Angelo Baggini 1 Introduction 2 Standardisation 2.1 ISO 2.1.1 ISO 50001 2.1.2 ISO/IEC JPC 2 2.2 IEC 2.2.1 SG1 "Energy efficiency and renewable resources" 2.2.2 SG3 "Smart Grid" 2.2.3 SG4 "LVDC distribution systems up to 1 500V DC" 2.3 CEN and CENELEC 2.3.1 SFEM 3. References 2 - CABLES AND LINES Paola Pezzini and Andreas Sumper 2.1. Theory of heat transfer 2.1.1. Conduction 2.1.2. Convection 2.1.3. Radiation 2.2. Current rating of cables installed in free air 2.3. Economical aspects 2.4. Calculation of the current rating: total costs 2.4.1. Evaluation of CJ 2.5. Determination of economic conductor sizes 2.5.1. Economic current range for each conductor in a series of sizes 2.5.2. Economic conductor size for a given load 2.6. Summary References 3 - POWER TRANSFORMERS Roman Targosz, Stefan Fassbinder and Angelo Baggini 1. LOSSES IN TRANSFORMERS 1.1. No-Load losses 1.2. Load losses 1.3. Auxiliary losses 1.4. Extra losses due to harmonics, unbalance and reactive power 1.4.1. Harmonics 1.4.2. Current distortion 1.4.3. Voltage distortion 1.4.4. Mitigation of extra harmonic losses 1.4.5. Unbalance 2. Efficiency and load factor 3. LOSSES AND COOLING SYSTEM 4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS 4.1.1. MEPS 4.1.2. Mandatory Labeling 4.1.3. Voluntary Programs 5. LIFE CYCLE COSTING 5.1. Life cycle cost of transformers 5.2. Detailed considerations 6. DESIGN, MATERIAL AND MANUFACTORING 6.1. Core 6.1.1. Cold rolled grain oriented and HIB magnetic steel 6.1.2. Amorphous steel 6.2. Windings 6.2.1. Superconducting (high temperature, HTS) 6.3. Other developments 6.3.1. Gas insulated transformers 7. CASE STUDY - EVALUATION TOC OF AN INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMER 7.1. Method 7.2. Results 8. References 9. ANNEX 9.1. Selected MEPS 9.1.1. Australia 9.1.2. USA 9.1.3. Europe 9.1.4. Market figures 9.1.5. Formulas for losses evaluation - American and European 4 - BUILDING AUTOMATION, SUPERVISION, MONITORING AND CONTROL Angelo Baggini, Annalisa Marra 1. Automation functions for energy savings 1.1. Temperature control 1.2. Ligthing 1.3. Drives and motors 1.4. Technical alarms and management 1.5. Remote control 2. Automation systems 2.1. KNX systems 2.1.1. Architecture 2.1.2. Trasmission media 2.1.3. Power Line 2.1.4. Radio wawes 2.1.5. Ethernet 2.1.6. Configuration 2.1.7. Scada systems 2.2. Human Machine Interface 2.2.1. Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) 2.2.2. Supervisory Station 2.2.3. Communication infrastructure and methods 3. Automation device own consumption 4. Basic schemes 4.1. Heating and cooling 4.1.1. Automatic control of every room with thermostatically controlled valves or electronic regulator 4.1.2. Control of water temperature with compensated supply temperature depending on the outside temperature 4.1.3. On / Off Control of distribution pump 4.1.4. Automatic Control Function with a fixed time program 4.1.5. Partial interlock (depending on the HVAC system) 4.1.6. Function of automatic control of any room with communication between the regulators and toward the system BUS 4.1.7. Control of internal temperature 4.1.8. Control of the distribution pumps at a variable speed with AP constant 4.1.9. Automatic control with optimized start /stop 4.1.10. Function of integrated control of all local with management of requests 4.1.11. Function of total Interlock 4.2. Ventilation and air conditioning 4.2.1. Time control 4.2.2. Time on / off control 4.2.3. Defrost control with heat recovery 4.2.4. Control function of the overheating of heat recovery 4.2.5. Night cooling 4.2.6. Constant set point control 4.2.7. Humidity Limitation of the flow air 4.2.8. Automatic control of pressure or flow 4.2.9. Free cooling 4.2.10. Set point external temperature-dependent 4.2.11. Control function of flow air humidity 4.2.12. Presence Control Function 4.2.13. Function to set point, load-dependent 4.3. Lighting 4.3.1. Function of switch on manual and automatic shut-off 4.3.2. Manual Power Control Function and presence detection Auto-On/reduction/Off 4.3.3. Motorized control with automatic drive control of the sunscreens 4.3.4. Automatic daylight control function 4.4. Sunscreens 4.4.1. Control combined light / blinds / HVAC Function 4.5. Technical building management 4.5.1. Function centralized control 4.6. Technical installations in the building 4.6.1. Function of fault detection, diagnosis and provision of technical support 4.6.2. Function of the report on energy use, internal conditions and possibilities for improvement 5. The estimate of building energy performance 5.1. European Standard EN 15232 5.1.1. Automation Classes for energy efficiency 5.1.2. Definition of automation Classes 5.2. Methods comparison: detailed and of the factors 5.2.1. Detailed calculation 6. References 5 - POWER QUALITY PHENOMENA AND INDICATORS Andrei Cziker, Zbigniew Hanzelka, Ireana Wasiak 5.1. RMS voltage level 5.1.1. Sources 5.1.2. Effects on energy efficiency 5.1.3. Mitigation methods 5.2. Voltage fluctuations 5.2.1. Disturbance description 5.2.2. Sources of voltage fluctuations 5.2.3. Effects and cost 5.2.4. Mitigation methods 5.3. Voltage and current unbalance 5.3.1. Disturbance description 5.3.2. Sources 5.3.3. Effect and cost 5.3.4. Mitigation methods 5.4. Voltage and current distortion 5.4.1. Disturbance description 5.4.2. Sources 5.4.3 Effects and cost REFERENCES 6 - ON SITE GENERATION AND MICROGRIDS Irena Wasiak and Zbigniew Hanzelka 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Technologies of distributed energy resources 6.2.1. Energy sources 6.2.2. Energy storage 6.3. Impact of DG on power losses in distribution networks 6.4. Microgrids 6.4.1. Concept 6.4.2. Energy storage applications 6.4.3. Management and control 6.4.4. Power quality and reliability in microgrids References 7 - ELECTRIC MOTORS Joris Lemmens, Wim Deprez 7.1 Losses in electric motors 7.1.1 Power balance and energy efficiency 7.1.2 Loss components classification 7.1.3 Influence factors 7.2 Motor efficiency standards 7.2.1 Efficiency classification standards 7.2.2 Efficiency measurement standards 7.2.3 Future standard for variable speed drives 7.3 High efficiency motor technology 7.3.1 Motor Materials 7.3.2 Motor Design 7.3.3 Motor Manufacturing References 8 - LIGHTING Mircea Chindris, Antoni Sudria-Andreu 8.1. Energy and lighting systems 8.1.1. Energy consumption in lighting systems 8.1.2. Energy efficiency in lighting systems 8.2. Regulations 8.3. Technological advances in lighting systems 8.3.1. Efficient light sources 8.3.2. Efficient ballasts 8.3.3. Efficient luminaries 8.4. Energy efficiency in indoor lighting systems 8.4.1. Policy actions to support energy efficiency 8.4.2. Retrofit or redesign? 8.4.3. Lighting controls 8.4.4. Daylighting 8.5. Energy efficiency in outdoor lighting systems 8.5.1. Efficient lamps and luminaires 8.5.2. Outdoor lighting controls 8.6. Maintenance of lighting systems References 9 - ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND POWER ELECTRONICS Daniel Montesinos-Miracle, Joan Bergas-Jane; and Edris Pouresmaeil 9.1. Control methods for induction motors and PMSM 9.1.1. V/f control 9.1.2. Vector control 9.1.3. DTC 9.2. Energy optimal control methods 9.2.1. Converter losses 9.2.2. Motor losses 9.2.3. Energy optimal control strategies 9.3. Topology of the variable speed drive 9.3.1. Input stage 9.3.2. DC bus 9.3.3. The inverter 9.4. New trends on power semiconductors 9.4.1. Modulation Techniques 9.4.2. Review of different modulation methods. 9.4.3. Multilevel inverter topologies References 10 - INDUSTRIAL HEATING PROCESSES Mircea Chindris, Andreas Sumper 10.1. General aspects regarding electroheating in industry 10.2. Main electroheating technologies 10.2.1. Resistance Heating 10.2.2. Infrared Heating 10.2.3. Induction Heating 10.2.4. Dielectric Heating 10.2.5. Arc furnaces 10.3. Specific aspects regarding the increase of energy efficiency in industrial heating processes 10.3.1. Replacement of traditional heating technologies.
10.3.2. Selection of the most suitable electrotechnology 10.3.3. Increasing the efficiency of the existing electroheating equipment REFERENCES 11- HEAT, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Roberto Villafáfila-Robles, Jaume Salom 1. Basic concepts 2. Environmental thermal comfort 3. HVAC systems 3.1. Energy conversion 3.2. Energy balance 3.3. Energy efficiency 4. Energy measures in HVAC systems 4.1. Final service 4.2. Passive methods 4.3. Conversion device 4.4. Energy sources References 12 - DATA CENTERS Angelo Baggini, Franco Bua 1 Standards 2 Consumption profile 2.1 Indici di prestazione energetica 3 IT infrastructure and equipment 3.1 Blade server 3.2 Storage 3.3 Network Equipment 3.4 Consolidation 3.5 Virtualization 3.6 Software 4 Facility infrastructure 4.1 Electrical infrastructure 4.1.1 UPS (Uninterruptible Power Systems) 4.1.2 PDU (Power Distribution Unit) 4.1.3 PSU (Power Supply Units) 4.1.4 Lighting 4.2 HVAC infrastructure 4.2.1 Cooling best practices 5 DG and CHP for Data Centres 6 Organizing for ENERGY Efficiency 7. References 13 - REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION Zbigniew Hanzelka, Waldemar Szpyra, Andrei Cziker, Krzysztof Piatek 13.1. Reactive power compensation in an electric utility network 13.1.1. Economic efficiency of reactive power compensation 13.2. Reactive power compensation in an industrial network 13.2.1. Linear loads 13.2.2. Group compensation 13.2.2. Nonlinear loads 13.3. VAR compensation 13.3.1. A synchronous condenser 13.3.2. Capacitor banks 13.3.3. Power electronic compensators/stabilizers Bibliography Index.
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Includes bibliographical references and index.

Machine generated contents note: 1 - OVERVIEW ON STANDARDISATION ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY Franco Bua, Angelo Baggini 1 Introduction 2 Standardisation 2.1 ISO 2.1.1 ISO 50001 2.1.2 ISO/IEC JPC 2 2.2 IEC 2.2.1 SG1 "Energy efficiency and renewable resources" 2.2.2 SG3 "Smart Grid" 2.2.3 SG4 "LVDC distribution systems up to 1 500V DC" 2.3 CEN and CENELEC 2.3.1 SFEM 3. References 2 - CABLES AND LINES Paola Pezzini and Andreas Sumper 2.1. Theory of heat transfer 2.1.1. Conduction 2.1.2. Convection 2.1.3. Radiation 2.2. Current rating of cables installed in free air 2.3. Economical aspects 2.4. Calculation of the current rating: total costs 2.4.1. Evaluation of CJ 2.5. Determination of economic conductor sizes 2.5.1. Economic current range for each conductor in a series of sizes 2.5.2. Economic conductor size for a given load 2.6. Summary References 3 - POWER TRANSFORMERS Roman Targosz, Stefan Fassbinder and Angelo Baggini 1. LOSSES IN TRANSFORMERS 1.1. No-Load losses 1.2. Load losses 1.3. Auxiliary losses 1.4. Extra losses due to harmonics, unbalance and reactive power 1.4.1. Harmonics 1.4.2. Current distortion 1.4.3. Voltage distortion 1.4.4. Mitigation of extra harmonic losses 1.4.5. Unbalance 2. Efficiency and load factor 3. LOSSES AND COOLING SYSTEM 4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS 4.1.1. MEPS 4.1.2. Mandatory Labeling 4.1.3. Voluntary Programs 5. LIFE CYCLE COSTING 5.1. Life cycle cost of transformers 5.2. Detailed considerations 6. DESIGN, MATERIAL AND MANUFACTORING 6.1. Core 6.1.1. Cold rolled grain oriented and HIB magnetic steel 6.1.2. Amorphous steel 6.2. Windings 6.2.1. Superconducting (high temperature, HTS) 6.3. Other developments 6.3.1. Gas insulated transformers 7. CASE STUDY - EVALUATION TOC OF AN INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMER 7.1. Method 7.2. Results 8. References 9. ANNEX 9.1. Selected MEPS 9.1.1. Australia 9.1.2. USA 9.1.3. Europe 9.1.4. Market figures 9.1.5. Formulas for losses evaluation - American and European 4 - BUILDING AUTOMATION, SUPERVISION, MONITORING AND CONTROL Angelo Baggini, Annalisa Marra 1. Automation functions for energy savings 1.1. Temperature control 1.2. Ligthing 1.3. Drives and motors 1.4. Technical alarms and management 1.5. Remote control 2. Automation systems 2.1. KNX systems 2.1.1. Architecture 2.1.2. Trasmission media 2.1.3. Power Line 2.1.4. Radio wawes 2.1.5. Ethernet 2.1.6. Configuration 2.1.7. Scada systems 2.2. Human Machine Interface 2.2.1. Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) 2.2.2. Supervisory Station 2.2.3. Communication infrastructure and methods 3. Automation device own consumption 4. Basic schemes 4.1. Heating and cooling 4.1.1. Automatic control of every room with thermostatically controlled valves or electronic regulator 4.1.2. Control of water temperature with compensated supply temperature depending on the outside temperature 4.1.3. On / Off Control of distribution pump 4.1.4. Automatic Control Function with a fixed time program 4.1.5. Partial interlock (depending on the HVAC system) 4.1.6. Function of automatic control of any room with communication between the regulators and toward the system BUS 4.1.7. Control of internal temperature 4.1.8. Control of the distribution pumps at a variable speed with AP constant 4.1.9. Automatic control with optimized start /stop 4.1.10. Function of integrated control of all local with management of requests 4.1.11. Function of total Interlock 4.2. Ventilation and air conditioning 4.2.1. Time control 4.2.2. Time on / off control 4.2.3. Defrost control with heat recovery 4.2.4. Control function of the overheating of heat recovery 4.2.5. Night cooling 4.2.6. Constant set point control 4.2.7. Humidity Limitation of the flow air 4.2.8. Automatic control of pressure or flow 4.2.9. Free cooling 4.2.10. Set point external temperature-dependent 4.2.11. Control function of flow air humidity 4.2.12. Presence Control Function 4.2.13. Function to set point, load-dependent 4.3. Lighting 4.3.1. Function of switch on manual and automatic shut-off 4.3.2. Manual Power Control Function and presence detection Auto-On/reduction/Off 4.3.3. Motorized control with automatic drive control of the sunscreens 4.3.4. Automatic daylight control function 4.4. Sunscreens 4.4.1. Control combined light / blinds / HVAC Function 4.5. Technical building management 4.5.1. Function centralized control 4.6. Technical installations in the building 4.6.1. Function of fault detection, diagnosis and provision of technical support 4.6.2. Function of the report on energy use, internal conditions and possibilities for improvement 5. The estimate of building energy performance 5.1. European Standard EN 15232 5.1.1. Automation Classes for energy efficiency 5.1.2. Definition of automation Classes 5.2. Methods comparison: detailed and of the factors 5.2.1. Detailed calculation 6. References 5 - POWER QUALITY PHENOMENA AND INDICATORS Andrei Cziker, Zbigniew Hanzelka, Ireana Wasiak 5.1. RMS voltage level 5.1.1. Sources 5.1.2. Effects on energy efficiency 5.1.3. Mitigation methods 5.2. Voltage fluctuations 5.2.1. Disturbance description 5.2.2. Sources of voltage fluctuations 5.2.3. Effects and cost 5.2.4. Mitigation methods 5.3. Voltage and current unbalance 5.3.1. Disturbance description 5.3.2. Sources 5.3.3. Effect and cost 5.3.4. Mitigation methods 5.4. Voltage and current distortion 5.4.1. Disturbance description 5.4.2. Sources 5.4.3 Effects and cost REFERENCES 6 - ON SITE GENERATION AND MICROGRIDS Irena Wasiak and Zbigniew Hanzelka 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Technologies of distributed energy resources 6.2.1. Energy sources 6.2.2. Energy storage 6.3. Impact of DG on power losses in distribution networks 6.4. Microgrids 6.4.1. Concept 6.4.2. Energy storage applications 6.4.3. Management and control 6.4.4. Power quality and reliability in microgrids References 7 - ELECTRIC MOTORS Joris Lemmens, Wim Deprez 7.1 Losses in electric motors 7.1.1 Power balance and energy efficiency 7.1.2 Loss components classification 7.1.3 Influence factors 7.2 Motor efficiency standards 7.2.1 Efficiency classification standards 7.2.2 Efficiency measurement standards 7.2.3 Future standard for variable speed drives 7.3 High efficiency motor technology 7.3.1 Motor Materials 7.3.2 Motor Design 7.3.3 Motor Manufacturing References 8 - LIGHTING Mircea Chindris, Antoni Sudria-Andreu 8.1. Energy and lighting systems 8.1.1. Energy consumption in lighting systems 8.1.2. Energy efficiency in lighting systems 8.2. Regulations 8.3. Technological advances in lighting systems 8.3.1. Efficient light sources 8.3.2. Efficient ballasts 8.3.3. Efficient luminaries 8.4. Energy efficiency in indoor lighting systems 8.4.1. Policy actions to support energy efficiency 8.4.2. Retrofit or redesign? 8.4.3. Lighting controls 8.4.4. Daylighting 8.5. Energy efficiency in outdoor lighting systems 8.5.1. Efficient lamps and luminaires 8.5.2. Outdoor lighting controls 8.6. Maintenance of lighting systems References 9 - ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND POWER ELECTRONICS Daniel Montesinos-Miracle, Joan Bergas-Jane; and Edris Pouresmaeil 9.1. Control methods for induction motors and PMSM 9.1.1. V/f control 9.1.2. Vector control 9.1.3. DTC 9.2. Energy optimal control methods 9.2.1. Converter losses 9.2.2. Motor losses 9.2.3. Energy optimal control strategies 9.3. Topology of the variable speed drive 9.3.1. Input stage 9.3.2. DC bus 9.3.3. The inverter 9.4. New trends on power semiconductors 9.4.1. Modulation Techniques 9.4.2. Review of different modulation methods. 9.4.3. Multilevel inverter topologies References 10 - INDUSTRIAL HEATING PROCESSES Mircea Chindris, Andreas Sumper 10.1. General aspects regarding electroheating in industry 10.2. Main electroheating technologies 10.2.1. Resistance Heating 10.2.2. Infrared Heating 10.2.3. Induction Heating 10.2.4. Dielectric Heating 10.2.5. Arc furnaces 10.3. Specific aspects regarding the increase of energy efficiency in industrial heating processes 10.3.1. Replacement of traditional heating technologies.

10.3.2. Selection of the most suitable electrotechnology 10.3.3. Increasing the efficiency of the existing electroheating equipment REFERENCES 11- HEAT, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC) Roberto Villafáfila-Robles, Jaume Salom 1. Basic concepts 2. Environmental thermal comfort 3. HVAC systems 3.1. Energy conversion 3.2. Energy balance 3.3. Energy efficiency 4. Energy measures in HVAC systems 4.1. Final service 4.2. Passive methods 4.3. Conversion device 4.4. Energy sources References 12 - DATA CENTERS Angelo Baggini, Franco Bua 1 Standards 2 Consumption profile 2.1 Indici di prestazione energetica 3 IT infrastructure and equipment 3.1 Blade server 3.2 Storage 3.3 Network Equipment 3.4 Consolidation 3.5 Virtualization 3.6 Software 4 Facility infrastructure 4.1 Electrical infrastructure 4.1.1 UPS (Uninterruptible Power Systems) 4.1.2 PDU (Power Distribution Unit) 4.1.3 PSU (Power Supply Units) 4.1.4 Lighting 4.2 HVAC infrastructure 4.2.1 Cooling best practices 5 DG and CHP for Data Centres 6 Organizing for ENERGY Efficiency 7. References 13 - REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION Zbigniew Hanzelka, Waldemar Szpyra, Andrei Cziker, Krzysztof Piatek 13.1. Reactive power compensation in an electric utility network 13.1.1. Economic efficiency of reactive power compensation 13.2. Reactive power compensation in an industrial network 13.2.1. Linear loads 13.2.2. Group compensation 13.2.2. Nonlinear loads 13.3. VAR compensation 13.3.1. A synchronous condenser 13.3.2. Capacitor banks 13.3.3. Power electronic compensators/stabilizers Bibliography Index.

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